Easily Fix Computer Webcam Problems

Webcam are getting used extra often than ever before. More fashions are being put on the market each month, and though the expertise involved is changing into extra convenient, it is usually changing into extra complex.

Since webcam are getting used for new functions consistently, the software program related to them needs to be updated repeatedly to keep them suitable with all of the new applications. Generally these upgrades can present issues for customers, as the pc is unable to speak with the webcam properly when these adjustments occur. Although this can be a common reason behind webcam issues, they can an be caused by other issues.

To fix webcam issues, you will first must assess the state of affairs to ensure that you have dominated out all potential hardware problems.

Diagnosing the State of affairs

To search out out whether or not your webcam is experiencing driver points, you will want to use the method of elimination. The only solution to find out what is absolutely going on with your system is by utilizing deductive reasoning expertise to rule out all potential hardware malfunctions.

First try unplugging the system and then plugging it again into the computer. In some instances this may reestablish the connection between your webcam and the computer. If this doesn’t work, try plugging the webcam into another computer. If the webcam works on a another pc then you’re most certainly dealing with a driver issue. If the webcam does not work on another pc, then it is quite possible that you just possess a defective webcam. Though incompatibility with a number of computer systems factors to a hardware downside, this may increasingly not all the time be the case. In some instances both computer systems may have outdated drivers, or may not include the drivers at all.

Fixing Webcam Driver Errors

Once you have deduced that your problem is not a hardware malfunction, and also you’re sure it’s a driver error, then it is time to take some action. Drivers are the translators between your webcam and your communicator. When the drivers are broken, outdated or fully missing, then your pc can’t communicate with the webcam. To fix this you will must restore, update or set up the right drivers.

Over time the drivers could be damaged by regular laptop utilization, or by the results of a malicious software program comparable to a virus. To fix this situation, you’ll need to strive reinstalling the webcam drivers. Another problem is that your operating system has been updated repeatedly, leaving the old webcam drivers incompatible together with your newly updated operating system., if so then you will definitely need to replace the drivers. This can be done with a number of totally different methods, but the easiest by far is the next method.

Fixing the Scenario Robotically

Now that you just’re sure you will have a driver downside, you may need to carry out one of the above measures to correct it. You could possibly do it manually, but why would you when you may simply as simply use a software program to do it for you. Using a tool similar to DriverFinder will let you replace and restore any erroneous drivers automatically. DriverFinder additionally runs routine scans and keeps your drivers up to date on a routine basis.

The PC Buyer's Guide

• Introduction To The PC Buyer's Guide
• Step-By-Step Summary Guide To Buying A PC
• Requirements Analysis
  • General Requirements Analysis Issues
  • Determining Your PC Requirements
  • Buying, Building and Upgrading
  • Budget Considerations
  • PC Use Profiles
• Designing and Specifying PC Systems and Components
  • PC Types
  • Designing PCs: Structure and Subsystems
    • PC Structural Design
    • PC Subsystem Design
  • Key Performance Issues In PC System Design
  • Key Non-Performance Issues In PC System Design
  • Component Specification Issues
  • System-Based Key Component Selection
  • Detailed Considerations and Tips for Specifying Particular Components
  • Notebook PC Specification Issues
  • Software Issues in PC Specification
• Understanding PC Sources, Vendors and Prices
  • The PC Industry, Vendors and The Market
  • Sources For PC Systems and Components
    • Retail Sources
    • Online, Catalog and Mail Order Sources
    • Other Sources
    • Summary Comparison of PC Sources
    • Cross-Reference Between PC Sources and PC Types
  • Researching Vendors and Prices
  • Vendor Evaluation Factors
    • Reputation and History
    • Pricing, Selection and Stock
    • Factors Affecting Pricing
    • Customer Service
    • Guarantees and Return Policies
    • Warranty Service and Warranty Policies
    • Support
    • Vendor "Danger Signals"
• Purchasing PCs and Components
  • Purchase Timing
  • Delivery Methods and Issues
  • Payment Methods
    • Immediate Payment Options
    • Delayed Payment Options
    • Comparison of Payment Methods
  • Making The Purchase
  • Vendor and Order Problems and Solutions
    • Common Vendor and Order Problems
    • Dealing With Difficult Vendors and Order Problems
    • Dealing With Vendor Abuses and Deceptive Practices
• After The Purchase
  • Upon System Receipt
  • Problems With Your System
  • Final Matters

The Processor

• • Processor Manufacturing
  • Physical Chip Characteristics
  • Processor Power and Voltage
  • Processor Cooling
  • Processor Packaging
  • Processor Sockets and Slots
• Processor Architecture and Operation
  • External Processor Interfaces and Operation
  • Internal Processor Architecture and Operation
    • Processor Instruction Sets
    • Processor Modes
    • Internal Architectural Components
    • Instruction Execution Process
    • Performance Enhancing Architectural Features
  • Processor Performance
• Processor Families
  • Explanation of Processor Summary Tables
  • First Generation Processors
  • Second Generation Processors
  • Third Generation Processors
  • Fourth Generation Processors
  • Fifth Generation Processors
  • Sixth Generation Processors

HD 6000 Video Card Series

In this HD card AMD introduce a new technology which called AMD Enefinity Technology. It is multi display and supporting up to six independent display outputs at the same time. Normally GPU can display only two displays at same time. It give us a high end graphics experience and with many display same time you can get massive space for work on big time lines and can experience ultimate panoramic computing. AMD Enyfinity is not only for professionals, if you are a game love you will enjoy this too. So let start to know is ultimate device which shall change the conventional professional desktops.
First of all we talk about graphics engine clock, in AMD RADEON HD 6000 we have up to 900MHz engine clock which make this card a strong renderer for graphic. Up to 2 GB of ram make his wide memory for loading your graphic files and game engines. I am really admire the memory clock speed and memory band width of this series because AMD make it up to 1375MHz memory clock and 176 GB/bit memory band width who can handle a massive amount of data in no time.

Now we talk about the processor inside 2.7 TFLOPs single precision compute power and 682 GFLOPs of double precision compute power. This hardware have 1536 stream processors, 96 texture units, 32 Color ROP units and specially dual geometry and dual rendering engines as far as memory width concern it has 256 bit wide GDDR5 (Graphic DDR5) memory interface which make it unique in performance.

With the best laptop computer and a wireless Internet card, you're ready to take on the world. You'll enjoy gaming, music and movies on the go. You can study anywhere. You'll love being able to work on the beach. Your boss will love sending work home with you.

Laptop computers are no longer the poor cousins of desktop tower PCs. The best laptops can compete with desktops in processing power and storage, making them robust enough to replace desktops in most homes.

Laptop Computer Requirements
For a laptop to last, you need to shop for tomorrow, not today. Software and multimedia place ever-escalating demands on processors and storage space, so it's best to avoid thinking about the minimum you can live with.

A new laptop should have either a dual-processor AMD chip or a dual-core Intel chip. This new technology splits processor functions between two integrated chips, providing a more speed and processing power. Processor speeds are measured in gigahertz (GHz). Bigger numbers mean faster speeds. Look for laptops with processors that run at 2GHz or higher.

A new laptop should have 1GB of RAM and a 100GB hard drive at a minimum, and it's worth paying extra for more memory. The newest Mac and Windows operating systems consume large amounts of RAM, so an underpowered laptop will struggle to run software. Larger laptop hard drives are needed if you're carrying a lot of music or multimedia files with you, or if you download files from the Internet.

Mac laptops are very popular at the moment, particularly the MacBook Air, which is the lightest and thinnest laptop available. If you're considering an Air Mac, you should know that it doesn't have a built-in optical drive, so you'll need a wireless network connection to another computer to install software from CDs. If you're budget-minded, you'll usually get more memory and features from a Windows laptop.

Screen Considerations
You'll come to rely on your laptop computer's screen, even if you have a monitor at home. Screens contribute to the overall cost of a laptop, with larger screens costing more. Screen size also determines the overall size of the computer, which affects the weight, keyboard size and battery life.

Laptop screens range in size from 13 to 19 inches. You'll be very close to the screen while you use your laptop, so a smaller screen is fine unless you have poor vision or need a larger keyboard.

One thing to watch out for in cheap laptops is a poor LCD screen. You won't notice an underperforming screen while you read e-mail or create documents, but you will see the problems if you watch movies or play games. Multimedia users and gamers should check the screen resolution. The 1200 x 800 WXGA resolution is a minimum for widescreen viewing, but higher horizontal resolution (the number after the x) will give you better-looking games and movies. Alienware notebook computers are renowned for their superior resolution, and checking the specs on their models will give you a good idea of what's out there.

Laptop Batteries
Laptop computers are sometimes rated for battery life, which is the amount of time you can run it before the battery needs to be recharged. While these ratings can help you choose between laptop models, they are general guides and shouldn't be taken literally. Playing games and watching movies will empty the battery much faster than sending e-mails or building a spreadsheet.

Don't charge laptop batteries too often. This can cause parts of the battery to become inactive, sometimes known as a "memory," and reduces the usable space in the battery. It's best to run a laptop until the battery is almost used up before recharging.

Additional Features
Look for a laptop with a combination optical drive that can, at a minimum, read DVDs and write CDs. Laptops with DVD burners are increasingly common at lower price points, and these drives can write CDs as well as DVDs.

A laptop should have a built-in wireless modem for accessing the Internet, along with an expansion slot that allows you to add your own modem for faster broadband wireless. Look for laptops with multiple connectivity options. Two USB ports are a minimum requirement so you can connect the laptop to printers and external drives. An Ethernet port is essential for connecting to wired broadband Internet service.

Almost every laptop has a VGA port to connect to a standalone monitor. Newer models include DVI and HDMI ports that let you use the laptop as part of your home entertainment system. This is useful if you download movies or other content that you want to send to your TV, and it should be considered an essential if you're replacing a desktop system with a laptop.

If you don't like touchpads, look for a laptop with an alternate control system, such as a touchscreen or small joystick. You can also purchase a separate USB mouse to use with the laptop.

Finding Cheap Laptops
Because of all the things a laptop computer does, as well as the need to miniaturize circuits and chipsets, laptops tend to cost more than an equivalent desktop computer. You also get more, since a laptop includes a monitor, a battery and a recharger.

If budget is a concern, there are some ways to find laptop bargains.

1. Reduce your requirements. If you're not into gaming or multimedia, you'll be happy with a single-core processor and less RAM. These laptops can still handle music.
2. Look for refurbished laptops. You'll find these at smaller computer dealers. The computer will be a couple of years old, so you'll want to talk to the dealer about what it can and cannot do.
3. Buy used. You'll find tons of laptops for sale in online classifieds and auctions, particularly around the end of the school year. It's a good idea to get a new battery for a used laptop and to thoroughly scan it for viruses before you start using it.
4. Buy it without the box. The major electronics retailers sell their floor models when new merchandise arrives. You'll sometimes find significant savings on these, but your choices will be limited and you may need to haunt the stores for a while, waiting for a model that you want

How to Clean a Laptop Screen

Even if your laptop has a laptop screen protector, it still needs to be cleaned, so you may be searching for methods on how to clean a laptop screen. You can purchase commercial products or look in the cupboards at home for everything you need.

Cleaning Cloth
Choosing the right type of cloth to clean a laptop screen is crucial because you don't want to inadvertently scratch the screen with stiff fibers. Use an all-cotton cloth, such as a piece of T-shirt or a sock to clean the surface of the laptop screen. Never use scratchy, fibrous material like a tissue, washcloth or sweatshirt material. The fibers in these types of material will put tiny scratches on the screen. You can also purchase commercial cleansing cloths that are lint-free and sometimes soaking in cleaning solution already.

Cleaning Agent
You can use several different types of cleaner, but the most effective is isopropyl alcohol. This generally contains 91% alcohol. It's perfect for cleaning the laptop computer screen because it evaporates almost instantly. Mix one part isopropyl and one part water for a mixture that can handle dust, grime, fingerprints and smudges. Another effective cleaner is vinegar. Use a part vinegar/part water solution to get rid of dirt and grime. Always use distilled water with cleaning agents for a laptop, as regular tap water contains minerals that could leave lasting marks.

Cleaning Kits
There are commercially available kits for cleaning laptops and computers in general. These kits generally come with a microbrush, cloth and cleaning alcohol. The contents are almost identical to what you can gather for yourself at home. The cleaning process is also the same, whether with homemade cleaners or a commercial kit.

How to Clean a Laptop Screen

1. Use the dry, soft cloth to wipe off the screen to get rid of loose dust and dirt.
2. Make the cleaning mixture and keep it in a small container nearby.
3. Soak another cloth in the cleaning mixture, then wring it out completely. It should be damp but not wet.
4. Wipe the computer screen down gently in long motions rather than hard circles.
5. Dry the screen with a dry cloth.

How RAM Memory Works

RAM memory, or random access memory, is memory your computer uses to temporarily store information that can be retrieved in any order. RAM is used to store the data that your computer's central processing unit (CPU) uses to execute a program or operation. While your CPU can get data from your hard drive, RAM access is a much faster process. On the other hand, information stored on your hard drive will still be available after the computer is turned off, while data in RAM is lost when the computer loses power.

The Anatomy of RAM Memory
RAM is composed of integrated circuits in the form of chips. Each circuit is made of millions of storage locations called cells. Cells are arranged in a grid and are made up of a transistor and a capacitor. The transistor is used to control the cell (turning it on or off) and to read its current state. The capacitor holds an electrical charge that is read as a 1 (charged) or 0 (discharged).

Memory cells by themselves have no value without the ability to read and write them. The memory controller circuitry performs these functions. The memory controller circuitry is responsible for:

• Knowing the location of each cell by storing its address (the intersection of the memory cell's row and column in the grid).
• Knowing the state (1 or 0) of each memory cell.
• Writing information to individual cells by applying or removing the electrical charge.
• Refreshing the information in cells on a regular basis (called the refresh sequence). A refresh sequence is needed because the capacitors are like a leaky fish tank; every time water is put in, it gradually seeps out. For a memory cell to be read as a "1," the capacitor needs to maintain a certain amount electrical charge. The refresh sequence makes sure to keep charged memory cells at the proper level.
• Communicating with the CPU.

Putting It All Together
As your CPU loads a program, code and data are loaded into RAM as a series of 1s and 0s known as binary data. Binary data is the native language that a CPU uses to talk to various parts of the computer.

The CPU sends a request to the memory controller circuitry, which reads the information from the hard drive and transfers it to memory cells. As the computer runs the program, it continually sends read and write requests to the memory controller. The wires that connect the CPU and the memory controller are called a bus. Bus technology determines how fast the CPU and memory controller can communicate.

Every computer has a maximum RAM memory amount, which is determined by the number of RAM chips you can install in your motherboard. If you want additional memory, you can use virtual RAM memory, which takes unused disk space on your hard drive and maps it to work as RAM. It's generally best to avoid doing this, as hard-disk RAM is never as fast as a RAM chip, so your computer's speed and stability may suffer.

How to Install a Hard Drive

Knowing how to install a hard drive can save you a great deal of time and money when your old hard drive fails or needs an upgrade. Whether you need to install a new hard drive to replace an older one or need to install a new hard drive for additional disk space, installing a hard drive is a fairly quick and simple task.

1. Read the manual. Before purchasing a new hard drive, make sure you're familiar with your computer's manual so that you understand what interfaces your motherboard supports. If you're installing an additional hard drive, you may have purchased software that you'll need to run prior to installing the hard drive. Your new hard drive should have a manual that will let you know if you need to run the software.

2. Power down. As with any repair to an electrical device, you'll need to power down your computer. Close all programs, power down your computer, turn off the power switch on the back of the computer and unplug the computer.

3. Stop static. Put on an antistatic wrist strap. This strap can keep static from damaging any of your computer's parts as you work.

4. Open the case. Once your computer is powered down, you can open the case to install the hard drive. Depending on the make and model of your computer, you can access the inside of your machine through a side panel or by removing the side of the case. Either way, this process usually involves removing a few screws.

5. Find the hard drive bays. You can usually find them in the front of the computer. There should be an empty spot for you to install your new hard drive near the existing hard drive.

6. Mount the hard drive. Your new hard drive will either snap in and out of the hard drive bay or need to be mounted with screws that came with your hard drive. If you need to utilize the screws, line up the screws with the holes in your hard drive, and tighten them down.

7. Connect the cable. Once the hard drive is mounted, find the additional power connecter, usually a ribbon cable, and connect it to the hard drive. Next, connect the interface ribbon cable to your hard drive.

8. Reassemble the computer, and check the results. Replace the side panel, screwing it back on, and power up your system. Either install a new operating system if you are starting from scratch, or check to see if your current main hard drive is recognizing the new one

How to Free Up PC Memory

PC memory is the most important resource in your computer. Having enough memory to run programs is the most important factor in overall PC performance. Unfortunately, most computer users treat their PC memory chips like a dusty old attic-things are stored there and forgotten, taking up valuable space. Clearing out your computer's memory for program use can lead to performance gains and increase the lifespan of your hardware. Before you start shopping for a PC memory upgrade, make sure your system is running efficiently.

Control Running Programs to Free PC Memory
At start up, your computer loads a list of programs into memory. Often, this list contains programs that are obsolete or optional. Removing these programs from the startup list will free up PC memory every time you boot the computer. To modify this list:

• Run the utility. The program that allows you to modify the startup list is called the System Configuration Utility. To run this program, click on the Start button and select Run. In the run dialog box, enter MSCONFIG.EXE and click OK.
• Take inventory. After the configuration utility opens, click on the Startup tab to display the list of programs that load when you boot your computer. You can do an internet search on each of the items, but ProcessLibrary.com (www.processlibrary.com) is a great resource that provides a detailed description of most items that appear in the startup list.
• Disable useless programs. To disable programs from the startup list, uncheck the box next to the item you wish to disable. When you're done, click Apply and then Close. At this point, you can choose to restart your computer now or exit without restarting. The changes you made will not be applied until you restart your computer.

Free PC Memory By Disabling Services
Another source of PC memory savings are the Windows Services that load at startup. Although smaller, several services can be removed to free memory resources. Be sure you know the effect disabling a service will have on your computer. Disabling some services can prevent applications, systems or hardware from functioning. To alter the status of these services:

• Start the services manager. To run the Services utility, click on the Start button and select Run. In the run dialog box, enter SERVICES.MSC and click OK.
• Inspect the services list. The services are listed with a name and description. For a more detailed description of each service, look the services up on ProcessLibrary.com (www.processlibrary.com).
• Set the status. To modify a service, right click on the name of the service. In the General tab of the Properties dialog box, click the Startup Type dropdown box and select from Automatic, Manual or Disable. Click Apply and then OK to commit the change.
• The following services can be disabled:
  • Alerter - only useful in administrated network environments.
  • Indexing Services - disabling this service will speed up your system, but slow down Windows searches.
  • InstallDriver Table Manager - rarely used for program installation, this service can be safely disabled.
• The following services can be set to manual:
  • Application Management
  • Distributed Transaction Coordinator
  • Help and Support
  • HTTP SSL
  • IPSEC Services

A Simple Tip
If you tend to leave a handful of programs open on your desktop, get in the habit of minimizing them when they're not in use. In general, a minimized program uses less than half the PC memory of a maximized program.

Advantages Of Multi-Functional Print Devices

Where as once in many businesses both small and large, there was a tendency to buy a printer for use between every four to six people, this set up now only tends to be found in small businesses where capital cost of computer hardware can be an issue in order to maximise the cash flow.

However, in many large businesses you will find the printer setup is totally different to this and instead one large networked printer will be used by anywhere between 20 to 60 people depending on the overall printing requirements they may have.

This is because rather than using a 10 to 12 sheet per minute basic laser printer a modern office will use a digital copier that is networked into the computer system as a printer instead. This then allows print speeds of anything from 30 to 70 pages per minute. Not only this but as these printers feature all the benefits of a photocopier then the user can selected collated and stapled copies from their desktop PC. This means that they can print out a series of 20 reports without leaving their desk, and not have to waste time standing by the photocopier replicating them.

Not only is this because these modern printers are based on digital photocopier technology rather than conventional laser printer technology the cost per print less than 1p, whereas the cost of a print from a small laser printer is 4-5p. This means that if you are carrying out a high volume of printing then whilst these machines are more expensive to purchase initially, they pay for themselves rapidly due to the lower cost of printing.

Not only that, but also these devices are classed as multi-functional devices as they can also be used as a conventional photocopier as well. They can also act as network scanners enabling very large documents to be scanned in at high speed and stored on the main computer network. This means many users can then access the document online, saving the need to copy the document many times over.

These multi-functional printers often also have a built in fax option, allowing them to be used as a normal fax or a network fax machine as well, thus allowing users to fax to and from their desktop PC.

So as you can when it comes to computer hardware then purchasing a multi-functional printer can be one of the best investments that you can make for your business.

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Maintaining Optimizing and trouble shooting windows XP

Service Pack-

                Service Packs Are Software Or Patches Released By Microsoft To Fix Specific Problems. If Any New Released Software Or Application Software File Are Not Compatible With Windows Files Then, To Update Service Packs Are Released. These Service Packs Are Released On The Basis Of Operating System.

Disk Maintenance Utility

                Windows Operating System Comes With Complimentary Disk Management Utilities To Maintain Hard Disk Health Properly. Basically There Are Three Types of Disk Utility, They Are

a)      Disk Defragmenter

b)      Scan Disk (Disk Scanning)

c)       Disk Cleanup

Virtual Memory-

                Some part of hard disk is treated as RAM for time being is called virtual memory. If any application open, if it requires little more RAM space it can consume a virtual memory space. File stores in virtual memory is called swap files and has extension of swap file is .SWP.

Device Manager-

·          Device manager is a database list of device connected in system.

·         If any device is disable than device manager displays cross mark “X” on corresponding device icon.

·         If any device is getting conflict with other device than device manager display “!” mark.

·         If any devices, device driver software is not installed than device manager display “!” mark on “?” mark.

Schedule task (start – programs-system-schedule task)

                Schedule task is a complementary service which Is used to start programs automatically whenever a user requires. To add schedule task, double click on schedule task option and press NEXT on popup and give the necessary option.

Event Viewers-

                This event is used to analysis the error on details. Event viewer is a database which keeps a track of all events of a computer. Event viewer displays 5 types of events. These events stored log files. System log and applications logs have error, warning and information events. While security log displays success audit and failure audit events.

Different Errors

a)    Ntldr file missing

Problem creates on- windows 2000/windows XP/server 2003 or 2008 on p4 Intel mother board.            

Reasons – 1) ntldr file may corrupted or missing.

                    2) Improper BIOS boot sequence setting.

Solution – check proper boot device which is containing ntldr file in boot sequence of BIOS.

                    If problem continues boot in to recover console copy ntldr file from i386 folder of CD-ROM. In to c :\>                                                                                                                                                                                                               

RAM

RAM (RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY)

RAM is used to temporarily store running or open programs.
There are two kinds of RAM

1) SRAM (Static RAM)
    - It is the fastest kind of RAM because it does not need to refresh.
    - Made up of transistor. (transistor store voltage)
    - Access time is 5 to 10ns (Nano Second)
2)DRAM (Dynamic RAM)
     - It is a bit slower than SRAM because it needs to refresh every few nano second.
     - Made up of capacitor. (capacitor store power)
     - Access time is 15 to 60ns.
     - Cheap
Note:- SRAM is used inside the processor. it is about 10 times more costly than DRAM.

Access Time-   Access time is taken by CPU (Central Processing Unit) to access memory locations of RAM is called access time. Incase of DRAM the access time will be more because it need to refresh time to time.

Types of RAM (DRAM)
1. EDORAM (Extended Data Out RAM)
  .It is a synchronous : meaning it will function individually without help of processor.
  . EDO RAM works by accessing large chunks(Blocks) of data to fide to the CPU. EDO RAM is asynchronous,means that it runs at a speed indeependent ot the system clock speed.
. EDO RAM comes in 72 pins SIMM's and 168 Pins DIMM's and has access time of 50 to 60ns.

2. SDRAM (Synchronous Dynamic RAM)
   . It is used very commonly.
   . it's speed ranges from
           i) PC66-66MHz
           ii) PC100-100MHz
           iii) PC133-133 MHz
  . SD RAM runs at the speed of system bus and has access time in 8 to 10 nano second range.
  . SD RAM speed measured in MHz because it operate the speed of system bus.
  . Most common types of SD RAM used of 168 Pin DIMM, 72 pin and 144 Pin SO DIMM'S and micro DIMM's.
  . speed of SO RAM =Speed of mother board.
  . Mostly used in PIII Mother Board.
              PIII- Mother Board speed is 133 MHz.
              PIV- Mother Board speed is above 400 MHz.

photos of computer hardware

    HARDWARE PARTS.

                        Many parts of computer hardware's

MONITOR

BIOS

BIOS (Basic Input Output System)

-          Bios cheap is made of CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor)

-          It used to detect all the components of computer or device/parts connected in to the computer.

-          Inside the BIOS, it has bios software and it cannot be change by users.

-          Through CMOS setup utility we can change some options of the BIOS software.

-          Normally to get inside bios is delete key and the following keys also used to get inside

  E.g. Intel m/b F1, F2

        IBMSYSTEM        F1

COMPAQ   F10

BIOS Software Company

1.       AWARD

2.       IBM

3.       INTEL

4.       AMIBIOS

5.       PHOONIX

BOOTING Steps of Computer

1.       Power on

It starts the process by covering the system on, sending current there are no problems & drive device. Assigning there are no problems with the power supply a especial wire called power good signal wire is charged and inform CPU to get up. The CPU than communication with the system rom and starts the power on.

2.       POST (Power on self-test)

-               The post is nothing but power on self-test, a computer literally discover & rediscover itself every time it powers up during this process computer parts test them self to know whether they are getting proper power supply or not.

-          During the post the system bios communicate with all essential hardware & takes them to identify them self. If any device fails to follow this identification routine it informs back to bios that it is facing problems than bios problem error codes called post error codes.

-          OR

-          After run (alert) the CPU, it test itself (self-test) the devices inside the computer is called post.

-          During detecting other devices, it will give error messages on beep code or numeric error code, if some problems on any device.

MOTHER BOARD

Mother Board

1.       At Mother Board (AT –Advance technology)

-small than ATX Mother Board.

-5 pin DIN key board connector.

-power supply connector from SMPS to mother board is of 12 pin.

2.   ATX Mother Board (ATX-Advanced Technology Extended)

-PS/2 key board connector.

-power supply connector from SMPS to mother board is of 20 pin.

-All most all parts are built in.

34 Pin Connector

-          34 pin connector on Mother board to connect floppy disk drive (FDD).

-          Through single 34 pin connector, we can connect two Floppy Disk Drive.

-          To connect FDD to Mother Board, we us flat ribbon cable.

40 pin connector

-          On mother board there are two 40 pin connect hard disk (HD), CD-ROM

Drive, CD-R/W Drive.

-          Through single 40 pin connector, we can connect 2 devices.

CPU Socket/ZIF Socket (ZIF-Zero Insertion Force)

CPU socket on mother board is used to mount central processing unit this select is also called ZIF. A ZIF socket contains n number on it which is asked to identify motherboard easily. According to CPU socket number, we have to find out the type of mother board.

Socket 7,8 –(PI)

SLOT 1   -(PII)

PGA 370     - (PIII)

PGA423 & PGA478-(PIV)

PGA418 & PGA611-(Itanium)

RAM Slots (RAM-Random Access Memory)

-          Used to fix the RAM Card.

-          RAM is also called as work space or place of CPU.

-          It also called the capability of computers.

introduction of hardeware

computer ? - device which sore data,process data, access data according to users need.
computer = hardware+software
Hardware - physical components of computers.
software- program used to control Hardware.
how to computer works ?

introductions and ports and connectors

Computer? – Device which store data, process data, access data according to users need.

Computer = Hardware software

Hardware- physical components of computers.

Software- program used to control Hardware.

How computer works?

                                                    

Process device                                                                                                                                         

Input devices                                                                                                                                      monitor

Keyboard                                                                                                                     

Mouse                                                                                                                                         

Scanner                                                                                               

Digital camera

Note – output on monitor is called SOFT COPY.

                Output on paper is called HARD COPY.

SMPS (Switch Mode Power Supply)

-          It can call as a power house of computer.

-          It reduce the amount of voltage. (220V AC to 12V DC)

-          (AC= Alternate current / DC=Direct current)

Mother Board / Logic Board/System Board

-          Mother Board Get The Power Supply From SMPS.

-          Other Devices Get The Power Supply From Mother Board.

-          Mother board content other devices.

CPU (Central Processing Unit)

-          Brain of the computer.

-          It control all devices.

Ports and connectors

VGA Port- 15 pin port arranged in 3 rows to connect monitor (CRT-Cathode Ray Tube monitor)

15 pin VGA Port

DVIPort – 24 pin port arranged in 3 rows to connect LCD monitors (LCD- Liquid Crystal Display-Lab top Monitor)

24 Pin DVI Port

PS2/Port –

-          Used to connect PS/2 mouse.

                                                                      6 Pin PS/2 Port

Serial port / COM Port –

-          9 pin connector to connect serial mouse.

-          Port which allow only one bit at a time.

-          Used to connect communication device.

(COM Port- Communication Port)

                                                      9 Pin Serial Port